An assessment of the potential contributions to oceanography from Skylab visual observations and hand-held photography

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Data requirements in support of the marine weather service program

Data support activities for the Marine Weather Service Program are outlined. Forecasts, cover anomolous water levels, including sea and swell, surface and breakers, and storm surge. Advisories are also provided for sea ice on the Great Lake and Cook inlet in winter, and in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas in summer. Attempts were made to deal with ocean currents in the Gulf Stream, areas of upwelling, and thermal structure at least down through the mixed layer

Meta-Inquiry: An Approach to Interview Success

Developing an effective interview strategy presents unique challenges for the novice and master researcher for if the questions one asks are not crucial, then differences in responses are not crucial either (Creswell, 1998, p. 335). To focus qualitative research in the human ecology of the study, our strategy uses an initial interview protocol and preanalysis process, called meta-inquiry, prior to developing our formal interview protocol. Meta-inquiry of initial interview data, obtained in dialogue with key informants in the researched culture, provides us with an inductive tool to assess, modify, enhance, and focus the formal interview protocol. Thus, preparing for the research journey requires a human ecology-based interview protocol to acquire data from which concepts, categories, properties, and theory can emerge

An Experiment to Evaluate Skylab Earth Resources Sensors for Detection of the Gulf Stream

The author has identified the following significant results. An experiment to evaluate the Skylab earth resources package for observing ocean currents was performed in the Straits of Florida in January 1974. Data from the S190 photographic facility, S191 spectroradiometer and S192 multispectral scanner, were compared with surface observations. The anticyclonic edge of the Gulf Stream could be identified in the Skylab S190A and B photographs, but the cyclonic edge was obscured by clouds. The aircraft photographs were judged not useful for spectral analysis because vignetting caused the blue/green ratios to be dependent on the position in the photograph. The spectral measurement technique could not identify the anticyclonic front, but mass of Florida Bay water which was in the process of flowing into the Straits could be identified and classified. Monte Carlo simulations of the visible spectrum showed that the aerosol concentration could be estimated and a correction technique was devised

UNCOVERING A NEW CLASS OF REACTIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE: SN2-TYPE SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES AND SEAWATER

Recent studies indicate that nitrogen oxide species in the atmosphere, including N$_2$O$_5$ and ONONO$_2$, undergo a new class of S$_N$2-type substitution reactions when in contact with seawater and sea spray aerosols.\footnote{P. J. Kelleher, F. S. Menges, J. W. DePalma, J. K. Denton, M. A. Johnson, G. H. Weddle, B. Hirshberg, R. B. Gerber, \textit{J. Phys. Chem. Lett.} \textbf{8}, 4710 (2017).}$^,$\footnote{R. B. Gerber, L. McCaslin, N. V. Karimova, \textit{Faraday Discuss.} (Accepted).}$^,$\footnote{L. M. McCaslin, M. A. Johnson, R. B. Gerber, (In review)} The reactions of atmospheric nitrogen oxides with seawater play many integral roles in regulating levels of O$_3$, OH, NO$_x$, and CH$_4$, thus directly affecting radiative forcing and global climate. However, the effect of the number of water molecules on the mechanisms for this new group of S$_N$2-type reactions of nitrogen oxides and the competition of these processes with hydrolysis have not yet been characterized. Here we present the mechanisms and timescales of S$_N$2-type substitution and hydrolysis reactions of N$_2$O$_5$ with seawater in the cluster series N$_2$O$_5$ + Cl$^-$ + nH$_2$O (n=1-5). Previous studies of the cluster N$_2$O$_5$ + Cl$^-$ + H$_2$O provide deep insights into the local behavior of these systems.$^c$ The presented studies of this cluster with water molecules added one-by-one allows for a detailed understanding of the effects of a solvation shell as it is built, providing a connection between the behavior of these small clusters and atmospherically relevant systems. Vibrational spectroscopic signatures of key intermediates are discussed and compared to recent and ongoing experiments.$^a

Growth of donor-derived dendritic cells from the bone marrow of murine liver auograft recipients in response to granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Allografts of the liver, which has a comparatively heavy leukocyte content compared with other vascularized organs, are accepted permanently across major histocompatibility complex barriers in many murine strain combinations without immunosuppressive therapy. It has been postulated that this inherent tolerogenicity of the liver may be a consequence of the migration and perpetuation within host lymphoid tissues of potentially tolerogenic donor-derived ("chimeric") leukocytes, in particular, the precursors of chimeric dendritic cells (DC). In this study, we have used granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor to induce the propagation of progenitors that give rise to DC (CD45+, CDllc+, 33D1+, nonlymphoid dendritic cell 145 +, major histocompatibility complex class II+, B7-1+) in li-tuid cultures of murine bone marrow cells. Using this technique, together with immunocytochemical and molecular methods, we show that, in addition to cells expressing female host (C3H) phenotype (H-2Kk+; I-E+; Y chromosome-), a minor population of male donor (B10)-derived cells (H-2Kb+; I-A+; Y chromosome+) can also be grown in 10-d DC cultures from the bone marrow of liver allograft recipients 14 d after transplant. Highly purified nonlymphoid dendritic cell 145+ DC sorted from these bone marrow-derived cell cultures were shown to comprise ~1-10% cells of donor origin (Y chromosome +) by polymerase chain reaction analysis. In addition, sorted DC stimulated naive, recipient strain T lymphocytes in primary mixed leukocyte cultures. Evidence was also obtained for the growth of donor-derived cells from the spleen but not the thymus. In contrast, donor ceils could not be propagated from the bone marrow or other lymphoid tissues of nonimmunosuppressed C3H mice rejecting cardiac allografrs from the same donor strain (B10). These findings provide a basis for the establishment and perpetuation of cell chimerism after organ transplantation. © 1995, Rockefeller University Press., All rights reserved

Paper Session I-C - The Future of the Space Program is in the Hands of an Unexpected Customer

In order for America to maintain its leadership position in space, a technically skilled workforce must be cultivated. Current projections of the American workforce in the year 2000 predict a shortage of scientists and engineers. America\u27s current educational system will not be able to meet the Space Industry\u27s needs for skilled labor. In order to increase tomorrow\u27s supply of talented individuals, it is imperative that the Space Industry and all other industries that use this resource be proactive in all levels of the educational process. Only then will America be able to retain its competitive edge in space. This paper searches for the root causes of the predicted shortage of scientists and engineers and discusses a potential countermeasure. Emphasis is placed on what Industry can do to augment the traditional educational process

CRISPR/Cas9-based editing of a sensitive transcriptional regulatory element to achieve cell type-specific knockdown of the NEMO scaffold protein

The use of alternative promoters for the cell type-specific expression of a given mRNA/protein is a common cell strategy. NEMO is a scaffold protein required for canonical NF-κB signaling. Transcription of the NEMO gene is primarily controlled by two promoters: one (promoter B) drives NEMO transcription in most cell types and the second (promoter D) is largely responsible for NEMO transcription in liver cells. Herein, we have used a CRISPR/Cas9-based approach to disrupt a core sequence element of promoter B, and this genetic editing essentially eliminates expression of NEMO mRNA and protein in 293T human kidney cells. By cell subcloning, we have isolated targeted 293T cell lines that express no detectable NEMO protein, have defined genomic alterations at promoter B, and do not support activation of canonical NF-κB signaling in response to treatment with tumor necrosis factor. Nevertheless, noncanonical NF-κB signaling is intact in these NEMO-deficient cells. Expression of ectopic wildtype NEMO, but not certain human NEMO disease mutants, in the edited cells restores downstream NF-κB signaling in response to tumor necrosis factor. Targeting of the promoter B element does not substantially reduce NEMO expression (from promoter D) in the human SNU423 liver cancer cell line. Thus, we have created a strategy for selectively eliminating cell typespecific expression from an alternative promoter and have generated 293T cell lines with a functional knockout of NEMO. The implications of these findings for further studies and for therapeutic approaches to target canonical NF-κB signaling are discussed.Published versio

Summary of results of an experiment to evaluate Skylab earth resources sensors for detection of the Gulf Stream

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Long‐Distance Natal Dispersal Is Relatively Frequent and Correlated with Environmental Factors in a Widespread Raptor

Dispersal is a critical process influencing population dynamics and responses to global change. Long‐distance dispersal (LDD) can be especially important for gene flow and adaptability, although little is known about the factors influencing LDD because studying large‐scale movements is challenging and LDD tends to be observed less frequently than shorter‐distance dispersal (SDD). We sought to understand patterns of natal dispersal at a large scale, specifically aiming to understand the relative frequency of LDD compared to SDD and correlates of dispersal distances. We used bird banding and encounter data for American kestrels (Falco sparverius) to investigate the effects of sex, migration strategy, population density, weather, year and agricultural land cover on LDD frequency, LDD distance and SDD distance in North America from 1961 to 2015. Nearly half of all natal dispersal (48.9%) was LDD (classified as \u3e30 km), and the likelihood of LDD was positively associated with the proportion of agricultural land cover around natal sites. Correlates of distance differed between LDD and SDD movements. LDD distance was positively correlated with latitude, a proxy for migration strategy, suggesting that migratory individuals disperse farther than residents. Distance of LDD in males was positively associated with maximum summer temperature. We did not find sex‐bias or an effect of population density in LDD distance or frequency. Within SDD, females tended to disperse farther than males, and distance was positively correlated with density. Sampling affected all responses, likely because local studies more frequently capture SDD within study areas. Our findings that LDD occurs at a relatively high frequency and is related to different proximate factors from SDD, including a lack of sex‐bias in LDD, suggest that LDD may be more common than previously reported, and LDD and SDD may be distinct processes rather than two outcomes originating from a single dispersal distribution. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that LDD and SDD may be separate processes in an avian species, and suggests that environmental change may have different outcomes on the two processes